Gemological Properties of Swat Valley Emeralds

The typical emeralds from Swat Valley exhibit strong to medium pleochroism, showing colors that range from yellowish green or green (o-ray) to bluish green (e-ray).

Inclusions commonly observed include partially healed fissures containing two-phase inclusions, which are often elongated, necked-down, or irregular in shape. These inclusions usually enclose a gas bubble (CO₂ + N₂ + CH₄), identified through Raman spectroscopy.

Solid inclusions are also prevalent in Swat emeralds. Many stones feature clusters of magnesite grains, along with rounded crystals of dolomite, quartz, and fluorite. Additionally, slightly rounded siderite and talc crystals are frequently present. Dark mineral inclusions include muscovite platelets and rutile crystals ranging from light to deep brown hues. Black magnetite and carbon inclusions are occasionally visible along the surfaces and ridgelines of the emeralds.